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中国药用植物 - 《本草纲目》

媒体:原创  作者:野生植物保护协会
专业号:野生植物保护协会 2020/11/27 12:00:15

《本草纲目》

《本草纲目》刊印成书是在中国明代万历二十四(1596)年,作者是李时珍(1518 - 1593),他在生命晚期还在病榻上亲自校勘书稿,最后全部刊印成书他生前未能看到。这是一部对人类生存发展、健康幸福作出突出贡献的医药学巨著,在世界医药学领域影响深远。这部著作是李时珍毕生心血的结晶,也包含着他子孙和学生的辛勤工作。为保证內容翔实可靠,他亲自考察,行程万里,博览群书,辨疑勘误,该书总计引用古籍超 800 部,收载药物 1892 种,同时还有药物插图 1000 余幅,药方 10000 余个,不仅为中国药物学的发展作出了重大贡献,而且对世界医药学、植物学、动物学、矿物学、化学的发展也产生了深远的影响,在中国家喻户晓。出版后还被译成日、法、德、英、拉丁、俄、朝鲜等 10 余种文字在国外出版,广泛传播,被达尔文称为 “中国古代的百科全书”,2011 年入选《世界记忆名录》。

本文带您了解《本草纲目》的作者李时珍,书名《本草纲目》是什么意思?书里写了什么?又因何而伟大?

01作者简介

李时珍,字东璧,晚年自号濒湖山人,湖北蕲春县蕲州镇东长街之瓦屑坝(今博士街)人,明代著名医药学家。后为楚王府奉祠正、皇家太医院判,去世后明朝廷敕封为 “文林郎”。

自 1565 年起,李时珍先后到武当山、庐山、茅山、牛首山及湖广、安徽、河南、河北等地收集药物标本和处方,并拜渔人、樵夫、药工、捕蛇者等为师,记录上千万字札记,弄清许多疑难问题,历经 27 个寒暑,三易其稿,完成了 192 万字的巨著《本草纲目》,此外对脉学及奇经八脉也有研究,著述有《奇经八脉考》《濒湖脉学》等多种。

李时珍画像

02书名为什么叫《本草纲目》?

“本草” --自古以来,人们用来治疗疾病的药物有很多,包括了植物、动物和矿物,其中以植物里的根类、草类最多,在古汉语里,“本” 是 “根” 的意思,所以古人就用 “本草” 二字来代表药物。

“纲目” --“纲” 的原意指渔网上提网的总绳,“目” 是渔网上的网眼,抓住了总绳,就能控制好网眼,所以古人常用 “纲举目张” 来形容做事能抓住关键、条理分明,并把纲目的概念用到书籍撰写上,形成了 “纲目体”,成为中国志书编纂的一种传统形式。具体结构是先设总纲,或称大类,各纲之下再设细目,目以纲举,以纲统目,目下再设子目。

所以 “本草纲目” 的字面意思就是以纲目体例撰写的药物书籍。王世贞为《本草纲目》写的序言中说得更明白:“每药标正名为纲,附释名为目”。所谓目随纲举,因此叫作《本草纲目》。

03《本草纲目》写了什么?

《本草纲目》共计 52 卷,本质上是以纲目体例撰写的药物学大辞典。

第一、二卷为 “序例”,内容主要为中医理解药物的性能,使用原则和方法。是以《神农本草经》中的理论内容为基础,追加不同时代学者及他本人的观点,再将后世发挥的其他理论加入。

第三、四卷为 “百病主治”,以病名为纲,以辨证用药为目,把药物按其性能和主治进行分类,为医者临床辨证选药提供了方便,同时也体现了辨证论治的精神。

第五卷至五十二卷:逐一介绍共计 1892 味药材。

每味药材分别记录如下内容:

【释名】罗列各种异名,解释名字的由来

【集解】描述形态、产地、栽培、采集时间与方法

【辩疑】【正误】纠正前人的错误

【修治】如何炮制和保存药物

【气味】药物的性质

【主治】列举能医治的主要病症

【发明】阐明治病机理,记述前人及自己的用药心得

【附方】介绍怎么用,辑录以该药物为主的各种验方

【附录】形态上或药效上相近而却不能确认的药物

04《本草纲目》因何伟大?

《本草纲目》之前重要的本草学著作:

*《神农本草经》:中国古代本草的核心著作,载药 365 种。

*《本草经集注》:总结汉朝至魏晋时期本草知识的书籍,载药 730 种。

*《唐本草》:世界第一部由国家颁布的用药法典,首次出现药图,载药 884 种。

*《本草拾遗》:唐代一部以不厌详悉、广泛收集为特色的书,载药 1576 种。

*《开宝本草》:宋代官修本草,为我国第一部雕版印刷的本草书籍,载药 963 种。

*《嘉佑补注本草》:宋代官修本草,载药 1082 种。

*《图经本草》:作为《嘉佑补注本草》的补充,汇集各地所产药图而成,为我国第一部雕版印刷的药物图谱,载药 635 种,绘图 933 幅。

*《证类本草》:宋徽宗时期,载药 1558 种。

在《本草纲目》还未出现时,由北宋民间医生唐慎微撰写的《证类本草》已经在中国流行了 500 年。《证类本草》创造性地采用了方药对照和图文对照的形式,不仅将宋代官修本草著作进行了合并,并且辑录了大量宋代以前的重要医药著作,被宋朝政府修订成为了国家级的用药法典。李时珍称赞:“使诸家本草及各药单方,垂之千古,不致沦没者,皆其功也”。并将其作为《本草纲目》的写作蓝本,也成为《本草纲目》成就伟大需要超越的著作。

伟大的原因1:看清古今,定位未来,广泛收罗

古代大部分本草著作都倾向于只收录经典、常用的药物知识,不收录偏僻、少用的知识,而李时珍却认为都应该收录,因为看问题不应该仅限于当时,还要看过去和未来,现在用的药物古代并不一定用,未来不一定还继续用,现在偏僻的药,未来就也可能成为重要的药。所以李时珍在《本草纲目》中引用的书籍不仅包括了 276 部古代的本草书籍,还对 591 部非药物书籍的内容也进行了尽量的核查引用,其中 440 部都是李时珍首次引用,新增加药物 347 种,字数更是远超了《证类本草》。

《本草纲目》还不仅是一部药物书籍,也是一部博物书籍,内有天文学、地理学、史学、矿物学、生物学、化学等内容。为后人的研究提供了丰富的资料,难怪被达尔文称为 “中国古代的百科全书”。

三七是最好的见证

在明朝末期,三七刚刚被人们发现可用于军人创伤的恢复,按照其他著作的惯例是不会被收录的,但李时珍按照自己的原则,把三七收录到了《本草纲目》中。他并不知道在 500 年后的今天,三七已经成为了治疗心血管疾病的常用药物。这充分说明了《本草纲目》在撰写时广泛收罗的正确性。

伟大的原因2:敢于说出自己的观点

《证类本草》严格摘录其他书籍的内容,并按照时间顺序排列,却对内容没有任何阐述,更没有自己的观点。《本草纲目》却不同,李时珍在书中说出了自己的原则:“复者芟之,阙者辑之,讹者绳之”。意思就是要将重复的删去,缺少的补充,错误的改正。敢于把自己经过分析得到的观点写进去,还介绍了很多自己及父亲治病用药的经验。

挑战权威人士

东晋有名的道家学派高人葛洪,在《抱朴子》中说吃了水银可以成仙,把蜘蛛和其他几种药一起吃了,人就能站在水上不会掉下去。李时珍敢于说出这些内容“不足信”。

不迷信经典

《神农本草经》上将泽泻列为上品,认为长期吃可以让身体轻,能在水上走。陶弘景、苏颂都认同,但李时珍认为 “安有此神功耶?其谬可知”。

狗脊是一种具有镇痛、利尿及强壮功能的蕨类药用植物,古人往往分不清与菝葜、萆薢的来源。李时珍从植物特征分析,认为狗脊 “似大叶蕨,比贯众叶有齿”,与陶弘景所说茎上带刺,叶圆形的百合科植物不同。

伟大的原因3:创新分类方法,解决难题

难题--药物太多,前人的分类方法存在不足,难以参照。

古代大部分本草书籍都是混合使用三品分类法、自然属性分类法和功效分类法。《证类本草》就是这样,把药物按照来源属性分成了 10 部后,由于草类太多,又把草类分为上、中、下三类。对于最末级的药物的排序,主要是按照医生的使用习惯,用得多的排到前面。然而,由于划分的类别较少,难以概括所有的同类药物,导致很多归类不正确,比如雨水和灶心土等被归到了玉石类,蛇、龟等爬行动物被归入了虫鱼类。并且,过去这些方法不管怎么组合,相邻两个药物之间都没有联系。

三品分类法:最早见于《神农本草经》,把药物按照有毒与否,能否久服,分为上、中、下三品。上品,多为补养药,可以长期吃;中品多为驱邪治病,兼有补养作用,有的有毒,有的无毒,斟酌其宜;下品多属攻邪治病之药,毒性较大,多用于急症,不可久服。

自然属性分类法:是按照药物来源属性进行分类,最早见于魏晋时期的《吴普本草》,把药物分为六类。发展至《证类本草》中,人们已总结出了十类自然属性的药物,包括玉石、草、木、人、兽、禽、虫鱼、果、米谷、菜。这显然在药物越来越多时,更有利于查找。

功效分类法:是按照药物主要治疗什么病症进行分类。

《本草纲目》解决难题的办法:

--物以类聚、目随纲举、析族区类

将 1892 种药物归入了 16 部 60 类中,分类远多于《证类本草》中的 10 部 30 类。比如数量较多的草部,分为了山草、芳草、湿草、毒草等 10 类,人们容易从类别名称就可以大致了解药物的生长特性,比如芳草就是指具有芳香气味的本草。

除了更多的分类,顺序的变化更是创举,从无机物到有机物,从植物到动物,从低等动物最终到高等动物 “人” ,这一顺序和近现代的生物分类方法不谋而合。

水、火、土、金石——无机物

草、谷、菜、果、木——植物

虫、鳞、介、禽、兽、人——动物

在最末级的药物排序处理上,李时珍开创性的提出了 “析族区类” 的分类原则,按照他认为具有相似属性的物种放到一起,比如将菊花、艾叶和青蒿排列在相近的位置,将同样会流出汁液的大戟、泽漆、甘遂和续随子排到一起,经过现代植物分类学证实,这些都是属于亲缘关系相近的植物。这一创举不仅为《本草纲目》内容的查找提供了方便,其前卫的自然分类方法,比西方植物学家林奈的自然分类法早出了 200 余年,对后世的科学研究产生了深远的影响。

伟大的原因4:推动了其他学科的发展

植物学研究:《本草纲目》记载了 1000 余种植物,不仅收集了前人的记载,还记录采集标本,对植物的产地、生境、生长发育特征、栽培、采收的方法等内容,为后人植物学研究提供了丰富的资料。

动物学研究:《本草纲目》记载了 400 余种动物,描述了许多动物的形态、生理特征、繁殖情况及病症等,对我国乃至世界的动物学研究做出了巨大贡献。

矿物学:《本草纲目》记载矿物类药物 100 余种,记载了这些药物的产地、种类、特性、理化性质、开采、冶炼提炼方法、性味、功效等。并且还记载了重要金属矿产的分布地域以及找矿的方法,为矿物学研究提供了宝贵的资料。

当然除了在以上自然科学界的贡献,如同前面介绍的,在化学、物理学等方面也是贡献突出。

文化贡献:《本草纲目》说明药物产地、性味、主治的特点,经常引用名家诗文,记载了我国古代咏药诗的文化特色。另外,书中还记载了大量民俗、宗教等文化内容。为后人研究古代文化提供了丰富的资料。

李时珍以《本草纲目》这部巨著为人类做出了伟大的贡献,深受后世尊敬,被后人称作 “医中之圣”。人们对《本草纲目》的研究至今还在进行。

荷花 Nelumbo nucifera

Compendium of Materia Medica

Compendium of Materia Medica was published in the 24th year of Wanli (1596) in the Ming Dynasty in China. The author is Li Shizhen (1518-1593). He was still revising the manuscripts himself with illness in his later days. It seemed that he could not see it during his lifetime. By the end, it was all published as a series book after his life. The book was a medicinal masterpiece that has made outstanding contributions to human survival and development, health and happiness. It had far-reaching influence in the field of word medicine. This book was the culmination of Li Shizhen's life long hard working, and also the knowledge of his descendants and students. In order to ensure that the content was accurate and reliable, he inspected personally, traveled thousands of miles, read abundant books, discerned and corrected errors, and made reference of more than 800 titles of ancient books. The book recorded 1892 kinds of medicines, with more than 1,000 illustrations, and more than 10,000 prescriptions. It not only made a significant contribution to the development of Chinese pharmacology, but also had a profound influence on the development of world medicine, botany, zoology, mineralogy and chemistry. It was well-known in China and abroad after its publication, and was translated into more than ten languages including Latin, Japanese, French, German, Italy, English, Russian, Korean, etc. The book was published abroad and disseminated widely. It was known as Flora Sinensis and was called ‘Encyclopedia of Ancient China’ by Darwin. In 2011, it was selected into the Memory of the World Register.

This article will take you to know Li Shizhen, the author of Compendium of Materia Medica. What did the title of Compendium of Materia Medica mean? What was written in the book? Why was it great?

01About the author

Li Shizhen, style name Dongbi, literary name Linhushanren in his later years. He lived in Waxieba (now Doctor Street) in Dongchang Street, Qizhou Town, Qichun County, Hubei Province. He was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty. Later, he was honored as the head of the temple of Chu Wang Fu and the judge of the Royal Hospital. After his death, he was named ‘Wen Lin Lang’ by the Ming court.

Since 1565, Li Shizhen had been to Wudang Mountain, Lushan Mountain, Maoshan Mountain, Niushou Mountain and Huguang, Anhui, Henan, Hebei and other places to collect drug specimens and prescriptions. He learned from fishermen, woodcutters, pharmacists, snake catchers, etc. He recorded tens of millions of words in notes, clarified many difficult questions. After 27 years compilation, he revised the manuscript three times and then completedCompendium of Materia Medica with 1.92 million words. In addition, he had also studied pulse theory and Eight Extraordinary Meridians. He had written many books such as the The Study of Eight Extraordinary Meridians and Linghu Sphygmology.

草珊瑚 Sarcandra glabra

02Why was the book called

Compendiumof Materia Medica?

Bencao - Since ancient times, people have used many drugs to treat diseases, including plants, animals, and minerals. Among them, the roots and grasses are the most common used plant materials. In ancient Chinese, ‘Ben’ means ‘Root’.  So the ancients used the word ‘Bencao’ to represent herb medicine (materia medica).

Gangmu - The original meaning of ‘Gang’ refers to the main rope of the fishing net. ‘Mu’ is the mesh on the fishing net. The mesh can be controlled well by grasping the main rope. Therefore, the ancients often used ‘Gang Ju Mu Zhang’ to describe the ability of grasping the key points and being organized. The concept of the outline was applied to the writing of books, forming the ‘Outline Style’, which has become a traditional form of Chinese chronicle compilation. The specific structure is to first set up a general outline, or general category, and then set up detailed items under each outline, the items are lifted by the outline, the items are controlled by the outline, and then sub-items are set up under the items.

Therefore, the literal meaning of ‘Compendium of Materia Medica’ is a drug book written in a general style. Wang Shizhen’s preface for Compendium of Materia Medica made it clearer: The correct name of each drug label was the ‘Gang’, and the appendix was called the ‘Mu’. Since item always followed the outline, it was called Bencao Gangmu in ChineseCompendium of Materia Medica in English.

紫金龙 Dactylicapnos scandens

03What is written in

Compendium of Materia Medica?

Compendium of Materia Medica consisted of 52 volumes, which was essentially a dictionary of pharmacology written in the style of the outline.

The first and second volumes were ‘Prefaces’. The content was mainly about understandings of the properties of medicines, principles and methods of using medicines by Chinese medicine practitioners. It was based on the theoretical content of Shennong's Classic of Material Medica, adding the views of scholars from different eras and his own, and other theories developed by later generations.

独蒜兰 Pleione bulbocodioides

The third and fourth volumes were ‘Indications for all diseases’, with the name of the disease as the outline, and dialectical medicine using as the item. The medicines were classified according to their properties and indications, which provided convenience for doctors in choosing drugs based on clinical syndromes. It also reflected the spirit of treatment according to syndrome differentiation.

Volume 5 to Volume 52: Introduced a total of 1892 medicinal materials one by one.

04Why is Compendium of Materia Medicagreat?

Reasons for Great 1:

Being aware of the past and the present

clearly,locating the future and collecting

extensively

Most of the ancient Chinese herbal works tended to include only knowledge of classic and common medicine, not remote and rare ones. However, Li Shizhen believed that all of them should be included, and should not be limited to the time, but also the past and the future. The medicine used today was not necessarily used in ancient times, and may might not be used in the future. The medicine that was remote and rare now might become an important medicine in the future. Therefore, Li Shizhen not only made reference of 276 ancient herbal books, but also checked and quoted the contents of 591 non-medicinal books as much as possible. Among them, 440 books were cited for the first time by Li Shizhen. There were 347 types of new drug added, and the number of words far exceeded that of Classified Materia Medica.

Compendium of Materia Medica was not only a medicinal book, but also a natural history book, containing knowledge of astronomy, geography, history, mineralogy, biology, chemistry, etc. It provided abundant information for generations to research. No wonder Darwin called it the ‘Encyclopedia of Ancient China’.

白及 Bletilla striat

Reasons for Great 2:

Daring to speak his own opinions

Classified Materia Medica strictly extracted the content of other books and arranged them in chronological order, but did not elaborate on the contents and without the opinions of the author. Compendium of Materia Medica was different. Li Shizhen stated his principles clearly in the book: "The reverted will confuse it, the fault will compile it, and the wrong will be brought to justice." It means deleting duplicates, supplying missing, and correcting mistakes. He dared to write the opinions obtained through analysis, and introduced a lot of his and his father's experience in treating diseases and using medicine.

Reasons for Great 3:

Innovating classification methods and solving difficult problems

The problem there were too many drugs, and the previous classification methods were insufficient and difficult to refer to.

Most ancient herbal books used a mixture of classifications, the three-grade classification, the natural attribute classification and the efficacy classification. Classified Materia Medica was like this. After dividing the medicine into 10 parts according to the source attribute, the herbs were divided into three categories (upper, middle and lower) because there were too many kinds of herbs. The order of the last-level drugs was mainly based on the doctor's usage habits and the often used drugs were ranked first. However, due to the small number of categories, it was difficult to summarize all similar drugs, resulting in many incorrect classifications. For example, rainwater and stove heart soil were classified as jade, and reptiles such as snakes and turtles were classified as insects and fish. Moreover, in the past, no matter how these methods were combined, there was no connection between two adjacent drugs.

流苏石斛 Dendrobium fimbriatum

Methods of Compendium of Materia Medica to solve difficult problems-gathering things by category, listing according to the outline, analysing of ethnicity.

1892 kinds of drugs were classified into 60 types of 16 categories, which were far more than the 30 types of 10 categories in Classified Materia Medica. For example, grass was divided into 10 categories such as mountain grass, fragrant grass, wet grass, and poisonous grass. People could easily understand the growth characteristics of medicines from the category names. For example, fragrant grass refered to the herbal medicine with aromatic smell.

In addition to more classification categories, the change of order was a pioneering work. From inorganic to organic, plant to animal and the natural evolution process from lower animal to higher animal and human, they all coincided with modern biological evolution theory.

Water, fire, earth, gold and stone-inorganic matter

Grass, grain, vegetable, fruit, wood-plants

Insects, scales, mediums, birds, beasts, humans-animals

In the lowest grade, Li Shizhen pioneered the classification principle of ‘analysis of ethnic groups’. He grouped them together according to what he believed to have similar attributes, such as arranging chrysanthemum, mugwort and Artemisia annua in close position and also putting together euphorbia, wartwort, lathyrism and kansui because they shed juice. Modern plant taxonomy had confirmed that these are all closely related plants. This pioneering work provided convenience for searching the contents of Compendium of Materia Medica. Its avant-garde natural classification method was more than 200 years earlier than the natural classification method of the western botanist Linnaeus, and had a huge impact on the scientific research of later generations.

广东石斛 Dendrobium wilsonii

Reasons for Great 4:

Promoting the development of other disciplines

Botanical research: Compendium of Materia Medica recorded more than 1,000 kinds of plants. It not only collected records from predecessors, but also recorded specimens collected, including the plant's origin, habitat, growth characteristics, cultivation and harvesting methods, etc. It provided abundant information for future generations of botanical research.

Zoological research: The Compendium of Materia Medica recorded more than 400 animals, describing the morphology, physiological characteristics, reproductive conditions and diseases of many animals. It has made great contributions to zoology research in our country and the world.

Mineralogy:Compendium of Materia Medica recorded more than one hundred kinds of mineral drugs, including the origin, types, characteristics, physical and chemical properties, mining, smelting and refining methods, properties, flavors, and efficacy of these drugs. It also recorded the distribution area of important metal minerals and the methods of prospecting, which provided valuable data for mineralogical research.

Of course, in addition to the contributions to the natural science mentioned above, as mentioned earlier, there were also outstanding contributions in chemistry and physics.

Cultural contribution: Compendium of Materia Medica described the characteristics of the origin, taste and indications of the medicine. It often quoted famous poems and recorded the cultural characteristics of ancient medicine poems in our country. In addition, the book also recorded a lot of cultural contents such as folk customs and religion. It provided abundant materials for future generations to study ancient culture.

Li Shizhen made a great contribution to mankind with the masterpiece Compendium of Materia Medica. He was respected by later generations and was called ‘the saint of medicine’. The research on Compendium of Materia Medica is still going on.

牡丹 Paeonia suffruticosa

稿       源王秋玲

专家顾问:张本刚  |  张宪春  |  宋经元  |  齐耀东

文化顾问:张桂徵  |  张振华

翻   译:王秋玲  |  李   钺

摄   影:黄云峰  |  刘   演

责任编辑:李姗姗  |  楚雅南

阅读 21616 字数17204
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undefined300.04
龙江森工120.01
大兴安岭150.02
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天津120.01
河北460.05
山西00.00
内蒙古120.01
辽宁50.01
吉林70.01
黑龙江1950.23
上海360.04
江苏410.05
浙江250.03
安徽40.00
福建2070.24
江西2800.33
山东230.03
河南60.01
湖北960.11
湖南30.00
广东7170.84
广西10.00
海南00.00
重庆50.01
四川15251.80
贵州00.00
云南2552030.04
西藏10.00
陕西2730.32
甘肃21762.56
青海00.00
宁夏890.10
新疆00.00
内蒙古森工10.00
undefined300.04
龙江森工120.01
大兴安岭150.02
新疆兵团10.00
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